Ace Your S12 FDNY Test: Practice Now & Succeed!


Ace Your S12 FDNY Test: Practice Now & Succeed!

The designation “S-12” refers to a selected Certificates of Health issued by the New York Metropolis Fireplace Division (FDNY), authorizing people to oversee hearth alarm methods upkeep. A preparatory evaluation for this certification permits candidates to judge their comprehension of related codes, laws, and operational procedures. These evaluations usually simulate the precise examination, offering familiarity with the format and content material.

Profitable acquisition of the S-12 certification demonstrates a dedication to fireplace security and adherence to established protocols. This credential is commonly a prerequisite for personnel concerned within the inspection, testing, and upkeep of fireplace alarm methods inside business and residential buildings all through New York Metropolis. Preparation considerably will increase the chance of passing the official examination on the primary try, saving time and assets for each the person and their employer.

The next sections will delve into the crucial areas coated inside the S-12 examination, providing focused info designed to reinforce understanding and enhance preparedness. Key components, related examine supplies, and efficient test-taking methods will likely be examined intimately.

1. Laws Comprehension

Thorough comprehension of relevant laws is a cornerstone of efficient preparation for the S-12 Certificates of Health examination. The examination assesses a candidate’s skill to interpret and apply related codes and requirements to make sure the right upkeep and operation of fireplace alarm methods. Mastery of those laws is crucial for each examination success and subsequent skilled efficiency.

  • NYC Fireplace Code (FC) and Guidelines of the Metropolis of New York (RCNY)

    The NYC Fireplace Code and the RCNY comprise particular necessities pertaining to fireplace alarm methods, together with set up, inspection, testing, and upkeep. The S-12 examination attracts closely on these codified laws. A scarcity of familiarity with these authorized frameworks will considerably impede a candidate’s skill to reply questions precisely and reveal competence.

  • FDNY Directives and Memoranda

    Past the formal code, the FDNY points directives and memoranda that make clear or complement current laws. These paperwork usually tackle particular operational points or interpretations of code necessities. Candidates should pay attention to these pronouncements to make sure their understanding displays present FDNY coverage and enforcement practices.

  • Nationwide Fireplace Safety Affiliation (NFPA) Requirements – Particularly NFPA 72

    Whereas native laws are paramount, NFPA 72 (Nationwide Fireplace Alarm and Signaling Code) supplies the underlying technical requirements for hearth alarm methods. The FDNY adopts and references NFPA 72, making it important studying for S-12 candidates. A working information of NFPA 72 is essential for answering technical questions associated to system design, efficiency, and upkeep protocols. For example, understanding NFPA 72 dictates the required frequency of sure exams and inspections.

  • Authorized Legal responsibility and Penalties of Non-Compliance

    The S-12 examination not directly assesses consciousness of the authorized ramifications related to non-compliance with hearth security laws. Whereas the check doesn’t immediately probe authorized ideas, understanding the potential penalties for failing to keep up hearth alarm methods correctly supplies context for the significance of regulatory adherence. This contains fines, civil lawsuits, and potential prison expenses in instances of negligence resulting in damage or lack of life.

In abstract, the flexibility to precisely interpret and apply hearth security laws is paramount to success on the S-12 examination. Candidates should commit important time to finding out the related sections of the NYC Fireplace Code, FDNY directives, and NFPA 72. The preparatory evaluation ought to combine situations that check the applying of those laws to real-world conditions, permitting candidates to solidify their understanding and enhance their preparedness for the official examination. Failure to prioritize regulatory comprehension will inevitably hinder a candidate’s probabilities of acquiring the S-12 Certificates of Health and performing the duties it authorizes.

2. Fireplace Alarm Techniques

The S-12 Certificates of Health issued by the FDNY immediately pertains to the oversight and upkeep of fireplace alarm methods. A preparatory evaluation for this certification essentially features a substantial give attention to the varied elements, operational traits, and upkeep necessities of those methods. Subsequently, an understanding of fireplace alarm methods will not be merely tangential however is as a substitute a elementary prerequisite for efficiently acquiring the S-12 certification. The evaluation evaluates information of system structure, together with initiating gadgets (smoke detectors, pull stations), notification home equipment (horns, strobes), management panels, and communication pathways. Mastery of those components is crucial for people accountable for guaranteeing the reliability and effectiveness of life security measures. For example, a query would possibly require the candidate to establish the suitable testing frequency for a selected kind of smoke detector or to troubleshoot a communication failure between a detector and the management panel. A observe evaluation with out a robust emphasis on these sensible features would fail to adequately put together candidates.

The effectiveness of fireplace alarm methods in alerting occupants and initiating emergency response relies upon closely on correct upkeep and adherence to established protocols. The preparatory evaluation mirrors this real-world criticality by together with situations that check the candidate’s skill to diagnose malfunctions, carry out mandatory repairs or replacements, and conduct required inspections. For instance, a query might describe a scenario the place a notification equipment will not be functioning accurately and ask the candidate to establish the more than likely trigger and the suitable corrective motion. This emphasis on sensible utility underscores the significance of hands-on expertise along with theoretical information. A radical understanding of fireplace alarm system elements and their interplay can also be crucial when evaluating compliance with relevant codes and requirements. The preparatory examination routinely assesses the candidate’s skill to interpret code necessities associated to system design, set up, and upkeep, guaranteeing a complete understanding of the regulatory panorama.

In conclusion, a stable grasp of fireplace alarm system fundamentals is indispensable for achievement within the S-12 evaluation and, extra importantly, for efficient efficiency within the discipline. Preparatory assessments should precisely mirror the scope and complexity of real-world hearth alarm methods, offering candidates with the required information and abilities to make sure the security of constructing occupants. The problem lies in creating evaluation supplies which can be each complete and accessible, permitting candidates to reveal their understanding of those methods and their crucial function in hearth safety. A transparent linkage between the check’s content material and sensible utility is subsequently essential.

3. Testing Procedures

Testing procedures kind a crucial element of the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health examination, assessing a candidate’s proficiency in verifying the operational integrity of fireplace alarm methods. A preparatory evaluation for this certification should comprehensively consider the candidate’s understanding and utility of standardized testing protocols. Failure to accurately execute testing procedures can result in undetected system malfunctions, compromising life security within the occasion of a fireplace. For example, a query on the preparatory evaluation would possibly describe a situation the place a smoke detector fails to activate throughout a practical check. The candidate would then be required to establish the suitable troubleshooting steps and decide whether or not the detector requires cleansing, restore, or substitute, demonstrating competency in resolving frequent points encountered throughout routine testing. Correct completion of testing procedures confirms system performance, permitting for well timed remediation of deficiencies and stopping doubtlessly catastrophic outcomes.

The preparatory evaluation evaluates not solely the execution of testing procedures but additionally the candidate’s information of the relevant regulatory necessities. FDNY laws mandate particular testing frequencies and documentation protocols for hearth alarm methods. A query would possibly current a situation the place a constructing proprietor has failed to keep up satisfactory information of previous testing actions. The candidate could be required to establish the violation and advocate corrective actions to make sure compliance with FDNY laws. Moreover, the observe examination ought to mirror the real-world challenges confronted by S-12 Certificates of Health holders, incorporating situations that require the candidate to adapt testing procedures to distinctive constructing configurations or system designs. This sensible emphasis ensures that people in search of certification possess the abilities and information essential to successfully preserve hearth alarm methods in numerous environments.

In abstract, testing procedures are inextricably linked to the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health and are an important factor of any preparatory evaluation. A complete understanding of those procedures, coupled with sensible expertise and adherence to regulatory necessities, is crucial for guaranteeing the dependable operation of fireplace alarm methods and defending constructing occupants from hearth hazards. A well-designed preparatory program will tackle not solely the “how” of testing but additionally the “why,” fostering a tradition of duty and selling a dedication to life security.

4. NFPA 72 Requirements

The Nationwide Fireplace Safety Affiliation (NFPA) 72, Nationwide Fireplace Alarm and Signaling Code, serves because the foundational customary for the design, set up, inspection, testing, and upkeep of fireplace alarm methods. The S-12 Certificates of Health, mandated by the New York Metropolis Fireplace Division (FDNY), authorizes people to oversee the upkeep of those methods. Subsequently, a preparatory evaluation for the S-12 certification should embrace a complete analysis of information relating to NFPA 72 requirements. The FDNY adopts and enforces parts of NFPA 72, making familiarity with this customary essential for each examination success and compliant system upkeep. For example, particular chapters inside NFPA 72 element the required testing frequencies for numerous hearth alarm elements, info that’s immediately relevant to sensible system oversight and prone to be assessed in a preparatory analysis. Deficiencies in understanding NFPA 72 may end up in incorrect interpretations of code necessities, doubtlessly resulting in system malfunctions and non-compliance with metropolis laws. The connection between the requirements and the observe evaluation is thus direct and consequential.

The S-12 preparatory evaluation sometimes contains situations that require candidates to use NFPA 72 requirements in sensible conditions. A query would possibly describe a fireplace alarm system set up that deviates from the necessities outlined in NFPA 72. The candidate would then be tasked with figuring out the precise violations and recommending corrective actions to make sure compliance. One other query may contain troubleshooting a system malfunction, requiring the candidate to use the diagnostic procedures outlined in NFPA 72 to isolate and resolve the problem. These sensible workouts reinforce the significance of understanding the usual’s necessities and reveal the flexibility to use them in real-world situations. The preparatory evaluation is structured to reflect the kinds of challenges that S-12 certificates holders encounter every day, additional emphasizing the sensible relevance of NFPA 72.

In conclusion, NFPA 72 requirements are integral to the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health and, consequently, to any efficient preparatory evaluation. A complete understanding of NFPA 72 will not be merely useful however important for people in search of to acquire and preserve this certification. Preparatory assessments should precisely mirror the scope and depth of NFPA 72, offering candidates with the information and abilities mandatory to make sure the dependable operation of fireplace alarm methods and shield constructing occupants. The problem for these creating preparatory supplies lies in presenting the advanced info inside NFPA 72 in an accessible and fascinating method, fostering a tradition of compliance and selling a dedication to fireplace security.

5. Troubleshooting Eventualities

Troubleshooting situations symbolize an important factor inside any efficient preparatory evaluation for the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health. These simulated problem-solving workouts consider a candidate’s skill to diagnose and resolve malfunctions inside hearth alarm methods, a core competency for people holding this certification. The inclusion of reasonable and complete troubleshooting situations immediately correlates with the candidate’s preparedness for the precise examination and subsequent obligations.

  • System Malfunction Identification

    These situations current candidates with descriptions of fireplace alarm methods exhibiting numerous kinds of malfunctions. This contains, however will not be restricted to, the failure of initiating gadgets (e.g., smoke detectors, guide pull stations), notification home equipment (e.g., horns, strobes), or management panel elements. Candidates should analyze the offered info to precisely establish the underlying reason behind the malfunction. This talent is significant for minimizing downtime and guaranteeing immediate corrective motion in real-world conditions. The flexibility to discern the foundation trigger is immediately examined inside the preparatory evaluation.

  • Diagnostic Process Utility

    Upon figuring out a possible malfunction, candidates should reveal their information of applicable diagnostic procedures. This entails understanding how one can make the most of testing tools, interpret system wiring diagrams, and comply with logical troubleshooting steps to isolate the supply of the issue. The preparatory evaluation evaluates the candidate’s skill to systematically apply these diagnostic strategies, reflecting the methodical strategy required for efficient troubleshooting within the discipline. Eventualities might vary from easy points, resembling a disconnected wire, to extra advanced issues involving defective circuit boards or software program errors.

  • Corrective Motion Choice

    As soon as the reason for the malfunction has been recognized, candidates should choose the suitable corrective motion. This would possibly contain repairing or changing defective elements, reprogramming the management panel, or adjusting system settings. The preparatory evaluation evaluates the candidate’s understanding of the varied restore choices and their skill to pick out the best and compliant resolution. It ensures familiarity with accepted strategies for restoring system performance and stopping recurrence of the issue.

  • Code Compliance Issues

    Troubleshooting situations usually incorporate features of code compliance. For instance, a situation would possibly contain a defective element that requires substitute. The candidate should not solely establish the suitable substitute half but additionally make sure that the substitute adheres to all relevant codes and requirements, together with these outlined in NFPA 72 and the NYC Fireplace Code. This side underscores the significance of understanding regulatory necessities when performing upkeep and repairs on hearth alarm methods, a key factor of the S-12 certification.

The effectiveness of the preparatory evaluation hinges on the realism and complexity of the troubleshooting situations. These simulations present candidates with a priceless alternative to observe their diagnostic and problem-solving abilities in a managed setting, growing their confidence and competence for the precise examination and their future roles. Profitable navigation of those situations demonstrates a complete understanding of fireplace alarm system operation and upkeep, reinforcing the worth of thorough preparation for the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health.

6. Code Compliance

Code compliance represents a central tenet of the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health, and, consequently, a core element of any efficient preparatory evaluation. The S-12 certification authorizes people to oversee the upkeep of fireplace alarm methods, a duty inextricably linked to adherence to relevant codes and laws. The observe check setting serves as an important platform for evaluating a candidate’s understanding and utility of those codes, guaranteeing they possess the required information to keep up methods inside the prescribed authorized framework. Deficiencies in code compliance can result in critical penalties, together with fines, authorized liabilities, and, most significantly, compromised hearth security.

The preparatory assessments simulate real-world situations requiring candidates to use code necessities to particular upkeep actions. For instance, a observe query might current a situation the place a fireplace alarm system requires modification as a consequence of adjustments in constructing occupancy. The candidate could be anticipated to establish the related code sections governing such modifications and decide the suitable actions to make sure compliance. One other query may contain choosing the right kind of substitute smoke detector, requiring the candidate to know the code-mandated efficiency traits for that machine. The observe check acts as a crucial coaching floor, permitting candidates to establish and proper any gaps of their information of code necessities earlier than taking the official examination.

Finally, code compliance will not be merely a field to be checked however a elementary precept guiding the accountable upkeep of fireplace alarm methods. The S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health signifies that a person possesses the information and competence to uphold these ideas, safeguarding lives and property. Subsequently, a rigorous preparatory evaluation that emphasizes code compliance is crucial for guaranteeing the integrity of the certification course of and selling a tradition of security. The problem lies in constantly updating observe supplies to mirror evolving code necessities and guaranteeing that candidates perceive not solely the letter of the regulation but additionally the underlying intent.

7. Emergency Protocols

Emergency protocols are intrinsically linked to the operate of fireplace alarm methods, and consequently, to the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health. This certification authorizes people to oversee the upkeep of those crucial methods. A correctly maintained system is crucial for the efficient execution of emergency protocols throughout a fireplace or different life-threatening occasion. A preparatory evaluation for the S-12 certification evaluates a candidate’s comprehension of those protocols, guaranteeing competence in managing system malfunctions and facilitating applicable responses. For instance, a observe query would possibly describe a situation the place a fireplace alarm system prompts, however the sign will not be transmitted to the fireplace division. The candidate could be required to establish the potential causes of this failure and description the steps essential to manually provoke an emergency response. Such situations spotlight the sensible significance of understanding emergency protocols along with system upkeep.

Additional examples inside a preparatory analysis would possibly assess information of evacuation procedures, communication methods, and coordination with emergency responders. The S-12 holder should perceive how one can use the fireplace alarm system to provoke an evacuation, talk with constructing occupants, and supply crucial info to arriving firefighters. The flexibility to successfully handle these features of an emergency can immediately affect the security of constructing occupants and the success of the fireplace division’s response. Subsequently, situations inside the preparatory evaluation should mirror the complexities of real-world emergency conditions, emphasizing the significance of fast considering and adherence to established protocols. The effectiveness of emergency protocols hinges on dependable system operation and educated personnel.

In abstract, emergency protocols symbolize a significant element of the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health, demanding thorough protection inside any preparatory evaluation. The evaluation evaluates the candidate’s skill to translate theoretical information into sensible motion throughout crucial conditions. It ensures a deeper understanding of protocols not merely for regulatory compliance, however for environment friendly and arranged emergency response and total security. The worth of this preparation is in the end realized within the improved security of constructing occupants and the improved effectiveness of emergency responders.

8. Inspection Frequency

Inspection frequency, as dictated by code and regulation, types a crucial information area assessed inside preparatory evaluations for the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health. The S-12 certification authorizes people to oversee the upkeep of fireplace alarm methods, a duty that inherently entails adhering to mandated inspection schedules. Preparatory assessments should subsequently incorporate questions and situations that check a candidate’s understanding of the precise intervals at which numerous elements of a fireplace alarm system have to be inspected and examined. Failure to stick to those schedules may end up in undetected system malfunctions and subsequent non-compliance, doubtlessly resulting in authorized repercussions and, extra importantly, compromised life security. The preparatory evaluation should realistically simulate this setting.

Take into account, as an example, a query presenting a situation the place a constructing proprietor has uncared for to conduct the required annual testing of a fireplace alarm methods backup energy provide. The candidate could be anticipated to establish the violation of inspection frequency laws and description the required corrective actions to revive compliance. One other occasion would possibly contain the month-to-month visible inspection of initiating gadgets. A preparatory analysis exams understanding of the requirement to establish any obstructions or bodily harm that would impair performance. It’s crucial for the evaluation to check for comprehension of each visible and performance-based inspections, recognizing the distinction in goal and protocol.

In conclusion, inspection frequency will not be merely a procedural formality however a vital factor of proactive hearth security administration, completely vetted inside the S-12 preparatory course of. The flexibility to precisely recall and apply these inspection schedules is an important competency for people in search of the S-12 certification. Preparatory supplies successfully emphasize the significance of those schedules, contributing to the general preparedness and competency of people accountable for sustaining hearth alarm methods. The last word goal is to make sure that hearth alarm methods stay dependable and efficient in defending lives and property.

9. Report Retaining

Correct and complete document maintaining is intrinsically linked to the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health, a connection that preparatory assessments meticulously tackle. The certification empowers people to oversee the upkeep of fireplace alarm methods, and meticulous documentation is a non-negotiable facet of accountable system administration. The S-12 preparatory examination assesses a candidate’s understanding of the kinds of information that have to be maintained, the required retention durations, and the right strategies for documenting inspections, exams, repairs, and system modifications. The consequence of insufficient document maintaining extends past mere regulatory non-compliance; it impairs the flexibility to trace system efficiency, establish recurring issues, and make sure the continued reliability of life-saving tools. The emphasis inside the preparatory setting illustrates this actuality.

Preparatory assessments steadily incorporate situations that consider a candidate’s skill to interpret current information and establish potential discrepancies or omissions. For instance, a observe query would possibly current a sequence of inspection studies and ask the candidate to find out whether or not the required exams had been performed on the applicable intervals and whether or not any recognized deficiencies had been correctly addressed. Alternatively, a situation may describe a system malfunction and require the candidate to seek the advice of current information to find out the system’s upkeep historical past and establish potential contributing components. These workouts underscore the sensible significance of correct and accessible information in facilitating efficient troubleshooting and guaranteeing code compliance. The observe evaluation, subsequently, creates an setting immediately aligned with skilled obligations.

In conclusion, meticulous document maintaining types a cornerstone of accountable hearth alarm system upkeep and a crucial element of the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health. The preparatory assessments completely study this connection, guaranteeing candidates possess the information and abilities mandatory to keep up correct and complete information, observe system efficiency, and guarantee compliance with all relevant laws. The problem lies in fostering a proactive strategy to document maintaining, emphasizing its function in stopping system failures and defending lives and property, slightly than merely fulfilling a regulatory requirement. That is achieved by the content material included in a S-12 FDNY observe check.

Regularly Requested Questions Relating to S-12 FDNY Preparatory Assessments

This part addresses frequent inquiries relating to the character, goal, and utilization of preparatory assessments for the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health examination. The data supplied goals to make clear expectations and guarantee a radical understanding of the preparation course of.

Query 1: What’s the major goal of an S-12 FDNY preparatory evaluation?

The first goal is to familiarize candidates with the content material, format, and problem degree of the official S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health examination. It permits people to establish areas of energy and weak spot, enabling focused examine and improved preparedness.

Query 2: How does a preparatory evaluation differ from the precise S-12 FDNY examination?

Whereas preparatory assessments simulate the official examination, they’re sometimes developed by impartial coaching suppliers. The precise examination is run by the FDNY and incorporates proprietary questions not publicly obtainable. The preparatory check serves as an in depth approximation, however not a direct duplicate.

Query 3: What topics are sometimes coated in an S-12 FDNY preparatory evaluation?

Preparatory assessments typically cowl the important thing areas outlined within the FDNY’s S-12 examine supplies, together with hearth alarm system elements, testing procedures, code compliance, emergency protocols, document maintaining necessities, and related sections of the NYC Fireplace Code and NFPA 72.

Query 4: Is it obligatory to finish a preparatory evaluation previous to taking the official S-12 FDNY examination?

Completion of a preparatory evaluation will not be obligatory, however it’s strongly advisable. The evaluation gives priceless insights into the candidate’s information base and supplies a possibility to observe test-taking methods, doubtlessly growing the chance of success on the official examination.

Query 5: The place can a candidate find dependable S-12 FDNY preparatory evaluation supplies?

Dependable preparatory evaluation supplies will be obtained from respected hearth security coaching suppliers, academic establishments, and on-line assets specializing in FDNY certification preparation. Candidates ought to confirm the credentials and expertise of the supplier earlier than buying any supplies.

Query 6: What’s the advisable strategy to using an S-12 FDNY preparatory evaluation?

Candidates ought to deal with the preparatory evaluation as a critical examination, adhering to closing dates and minimizing distractions. After finishing the evaluation, a radical assessment of incorrect solutions is crucial, specializing in understanding the underlying ideas and figuring out areas requiring additional examine.

In abstract, a complete and well-utilized preparatory evaluation is a useful device for people in search of the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health. It supplies a structured and reasonable setting for assessing information, figuring out weaknesses, and enhancing total preparedness.

The following sections will supply particular steering on optimizing the examine course of and maximizing the advantages of preparatory assessments.

Suggestions for Efficient Preparation Utilizing the S12 FDNY Follow Check

The preparatory evaluation serves as an important diagnostic device for gauging readiness for the official S12 FDNY Certificates of Health examination. Strategic utilization of those preparatory supplies considerably enhances the likelihood of profitable certification.

Tip 1: Simulate Examination Circumstances: Conduct the preparatory evaluation beneath strict time constraints, mimicking the situations of the particular examination. This familiarizes people with the pacing necessities and helps handle check anxiousness.

Tip 2: Prioritize Code Comprehension: Allocate a good portion of examine time to understanding the related sections of the NYC Fireplace Code, FDNY Directives, and NFPA 72. Determine code references inside the observe evaluation and assessment the corresponding laws.

Tip 3: Analyze Incorrect Solutions: Dedicate time to completely analyzing every incorrect reply on the observe evaluation. Perceive the underlying idea or code provision that was missed and assessment related examine supplies.

Tip 4: Determine Weak Areas: Use the observe evaluation outcomes to pinpoint areas the place information is poor. Focus subsequent examine efforts on these particular matters to enhance total comprehension.

Tip 5: Follow Troubleshooting Eventualities: Pay shut consideration to troubleshooting situations offered within the observe evaluation. Develop a scientific strategy to diagnosing malfunctions and choosing applicable corrective actions.

Tip 6: Assessment Inspection Frequencies: Memorize the required inspection frequencies for numerous hearth alarm system elements, as outlined in relevant codes and laws. Follow questions on the observe evaluation that require information of those schedules.

Tip 7: Develop Report Retaining Expertise: Follow finishing inspection studies and different required documentation, guaranteeing accuracy and completeness. Use observe evaluation situations to establish potential record-keeping deficiencies.

Strategic engagement with the preparatory evaluation permits for a focused and environment friendly strategy to finding out. Figuring out areas of weak spot, coupled with targeted assessment of related codes and procedures, is crucial for profitable preparation.

The following part supplies concluding remarks, reinforcing the significance of complete preparation and ongoing skilled growth in sustaining hearth security requirements.

Conclusion

The previous exploration of the utility of the s12 fdny observe check underscores its significance as a preparatory instrument for the S-12 FDNY Certificates of Health examination. The fabric serves to familiarize potential candidates with related codes, laws, and operational procedures, enhancing their understanding of fireplace alarm methods and mandated upkeep protocols.

Continued emphasis on complete preparation and constant adherence to established hearth security requirements stays paramount. Vigilance in upholding these ideas is crucial to making sure the security of occupants and the efficacy of emergency response efforts inside the metropolis of New York.